MEPS specify the maximum energy or power demand of devices, which manufacturers must ensure in their models of a regulated category when using the test method that accompanies the MEPS. MEPS may define two measures: modal power, expressed in watts W, and total annual energy consumption (TEC), shown in kWh. The modal power specifies the maximal power consumption for one or more low power modes. TEC provides the annual estimate of energy consumption across various modes, based on an assumed use profile.

Vertical MEPS are set on a device category basis. Vertical MEPS advantages:

• can be tailored to each specific device category;
• energy saving can be defined.

Vertical MEPS disadvantages:

• complex to develop;
• costly to support and update;
• unable to define one structure for multiple devices.

Considering the need for a quick implementation of policies to keep up with technology developments, Vertical MEPS should focus on well-defined, high impact product categories. The following Vertical MEPS policies are proposed for the prioritized IoT categories:

• vertical MEPS for network standby of home security cameras, smart home gateways, smart LED lamps and network-connected audio products;
• tightening of Vertical MEPS for external power supplies.

Horizontal MEPS cover a range of different device categories. Horizontal MEPS advantages:

• covers a broad range of devices;
• the energy saving plan can be defined.

Horizontal MEPS disadvantage is some specific devices require unique structure and design. Horizontal MEPS don’t consider specific device characteristics. Therefore, the defined performance limits are typically a compromise between the best possible values and broad product coverage. Given the rapid evolution of the IoT market and the many and diverse product categories, it may be an excellent trade-off to use Clustered MEPS.

Clustered MEPS combine a few device categories with similarities in main functions, network interactions and energy demand. An example of horizontal MEPS is the European Union s Standby Regulation 1275/2008/EC amended by Regulation EU/801/2013 to include network standby).