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--- en:multiasm:papc:chapter_6_12 [2025/11/14 11:52] – [Operators] ktokarz
+++ en:multiasm:papc:chapter_6_12 [2025/11/17 08:33] (current) – [Constants] ktokarz
@@ Line 63: / Line 63: @@
 The operators which can be used in numeric expressions are
-  * *****, **/**      - multiplication and division
+  * ** * **, ** / **      - multiplication and division
   * **MOD**       - remainder of an integer division
   * **SHL**, **SHR**  - shift left and right
@@ Line 69: / Line 69: @@
 The operators which can be used in numeric and address expressions are
-  * **+**, **-**              - addition, subtraction
+  * ** + **, ** - **              - addition, subtraction
   * **HIGH**, **LOW**         - high/low 8 bits of a 16-bit variable/address
   * **HIGHWORD**, **LOWWORD** - high/low 16 bits of 32-bit variable/address
   * **HIGH32**, **LOW32**     - high/low 32 bits of 64-bit variable/address
+The type operators are used in address expressions. They determine the number of bytes in a single variable, the number of elements in a data array, or the size of a whole data array {{ref>masmtypeoperators}}. They are very useful because they can automatically recalculate, for example, the number of iterations necessary to review a string of characters or a data array when its length changes.
-The type operators determine the number of bytes in a single variable, the number of elements in a data array, or the size of a whole data array {{ref>masmtypeoperators}}. They are very useful because they can automatically recalculate, for example, the number of iterations necessary to review a string of characters or a data array when its length changes.
 <table masmtypeoperators>
 <caption>MASM type operators</caption>
@@ Line 125: / Line 122: @@
-===== Important directives =====
+===== Selected directives =====
 The **ORG** directive sets the location counter to the specified value x. It is used to align the parts of the program to a specific address.
@@ Line 136: / Line 133: @@
 The **LABEL** directive creates a new label by assigning the current location-counter value and the given type to the defined name. Usually in a program, the **:** (colon) sign is used for label definition, but the **LABEL** directive enables specifying the type of element which the label points to.
+===== Data definition directives =====
 There is a set of directives for defining variables. They enable the assignment of a name to a variable and the specification of its type. They are summarised in a table
 {{ref>masmdatadefine}}.
@@ Line 192: / Line 190: @@
   inc RBX
   loop clear
+</code>
+===== Constants =====
+Constants in an assembler program define the name for the value that can't be changed during normal program execution. It is the assembly-time assignment of the value and its name. Although their name suggests that their value can't be altered, it is true at the program run-time. Some forms of constants can be modified during assembly time. Usually, constants are used to self-document the code, parameterise the assembly process, and perform assembly-time calculations.
+The constants can be integer, floating-point numeric, or text strings.\\
+Integer numeric constants can be defined with the data assignment directives, **EQU** or the equal sign **=**. The difference is that a numeric constant defined with the EQU directive can’t be modified later in the program, while a constant created with the equal sign can be redefined many times in the program. Numeric constants can be expressed as binary, octal, decimal or hexadecimal values. They can also be a result of an expression calculated during assembly time. It is possible to use a previously defined constant in such an expression.
+<code asm>
+int_const1 EQU 5                ; no suffix by default decimal value
+int_const_dec = 7               ; finished with "d", "D", "t", "T", or by default without suffix
+int_const_binary = 100100101b   ; finished with "b", "B", "y", or "Y"
+int_const_octal = 372o          ; finished with "o", "O", "q", or "Q"
+int_const_hex = 0FFA4h          ; finished with "h", or "H"
+int_const_expr = int_const_dec * 5
+</code>
+Floating-point numeric constants can be defined with the **EQU** directive only. The number can be expressed in decimal or scientific notation.
+<code asm>
+real_const1 EQU 3.1415          ; decimal
+real_const2 EQU 6.28e2          ; scientific
+</code>
+Text string constants can be defined with **EQU** or **TEXTEQU** directives. Text constants assigned with the **EQU** or **TEXTEQU** directive can be redefined later in the program. The **TEXEQU** is considered a text macro and is described in the section about macros.
+<code asm>
+text_const1 EQU 'Hello World!'
+text_const2 EQU "Hello World!"
+</code>
+===== Conditional assembly directives =====
+The condition assembly directives have the same functionality as in high-level language compilers. They control the assembly process by checking the defined conditions and enabling or disabling the process for fragments of the source code.
+  * **IF** expression, **IFE** expression - tests the value of the expression and performs (or do not) assemble according to the result (0-false),
+  * **IFDEF** symbol - tests whether a symbol is defined,
+  * **IFNDEF** symbol - tests whether a symbol is undefined,
+  * **IFB** <argument> - tests whether the string argument is empty,
+  * **IFNB** <argument> - tests whether the string argument is empty.
+The conditional assembly statement, together with optional **ELSEIF** and **ELSE** statements, is shown in the following code.
+<code asm>
+IF expression1
+statements
+[[ELSEIF expression2
+statements ]]
+[[ELSE
+statements ]]
+ENDIF
 </code>
 ===== Statements =====

en/multiasm/papc/chapter_6_12.1763121123.txt.gz · Last modified: 2025/11/14 11:52 by ktokarz