====== Module: Hardware and Sensing Technologies (Part 2) ======

^ **Study level** | Master |
^ **ECTS credits** | 1 ECTS |
^ **Study forms** | Hybrid or fully online |
^ **Module aims** | The aim of the module is to introduce hardware governance, electromagnetic compatibility and sensor validation for cyber-physical and autonomous systems. The course develops students’ ability to apply regulatory frameworks, compliance testing and calibration practices to ensure reliable, safe and market-ready platforms across the product lifecycle. |
^ **Pre-requirements** | Basic knowledge of electrical and electronic engineering, signal processing and embedded or control systems. Familiarity with standards and regulatory frameworks and experience with laboratory instrumentation or simulation tools is recommended but not mandatory. |
^ **Learning outcomes** | **Knowledge**\\ • Explain electromagnetic compatibility principles, emission/immunity mechanisms, and EMI mitigation strategies.\\ • Describe national and international governance structures and their impact on hardware design.\\ • Understand calibration principles, maintenance cycles, and supply chain dependencies for safety-critical systems.\\ • Discuss the interrelationship between regulatory compliance, testing methodologies, and product lifecycle management.\\ **Skills**\\ • Conduct pre-compliance EMI tests and analyze sensor and system-level performance under regulated conditions.\\ • Design hardware layouts and shielding solutions to meet EMC standards.\\ • Assess supply chain resilience and identify obsolescence or counterfeit risks in semiconductor sourcing.\\ • Apply calibration procedures and reliability testing across product lifecycle stages.\\ **Understanding**\\ • Recognize the role of regulation and governance in enabling innovation while ensuring public safety.\\ • Appreciate the complexities of maintaining compliance across global markets.\\ • Adopt responsible and ethical approaches to supply chain management, data transparency, and sustainability. |
^ **Topics** | 1. Governance Frameworks and Spectrum Management:\\    – Regulatory evolution: FCC, ITU, and global coordination of electromagnetic spectrum.\\    – FCC Part 15 vs. Part 18 distinctions and implications for vehicle and sensor manufacturers.\\ 2. Electromagnetic Compatibility Principles:\\    – EMI mechanisms, emissions/immunity testing, and standards.\\    – Anechoic chambers, Faraday cages, and instrumentation for compliance validation.\\ 3. Sensor Validation and Calibration:\\    – Calibration procedures for radar, LiDAR, GNSS, and IMU sensors.\\    – In-field calibration strategies and digital twin applications.\\ 4. Supply Chain and Lifecycle Governance:\\    – Semiconductor economics, obsolescence management, and COTS adoption strategies.\\    – Cybersecurity and software supply chain verification.\\ 5. Maintenance and Long Lifecycle Design:\\    – OTA updates, redundancy, and sustainability in hardware maintenance.\\    – Case studies: Automotive, aerospace, and defense sectors.\\ 6. Global Trends and Future Challenges:\\    – Cross-border regulatory harmonization and AI-driven predictive compliance. |
^ **Type of assessment** | The prerequisite of a positive grade is a positive evaluation of module topics and presentation of practical work results with required documentation. |
^ **Learning methods** | **Lecture** — Provide theoretical understanding of EMC principles, regulatory frameworks, and governance mechanisms.\\ **Lab works** — Conduct EMC pre-compliance tests, sensor calibration exercises, and supply chain simulations using hardware/software tools.\\ **Individual assignments** — Develop compliance strategies, perform risk analysis on component lifecycles, and write policy-technical briefs.\\ **Self-learning** — Explore international standards, participate in industry webinars, and review current FCC/ITU publications. |
^ **AI involvement** | AI tools may assist in simulating EMI propagation, predicting obsolescence trends, and optimizing calibration schedules. Students must validate all AI-assisted outputs and document methodology in accordance with research integrity and transparency guidelines. |
^ **Recommended tools and environments** | MATLAB/Simulink |
^ **Verification and Validation focus** |  |
^ **Relevant standards and regulatory frameworks** | FCC, ITU, CISPR 25, UNECE R10, ISO 11452 |