====== Photoresistor ======

//Necessary knowledge: 
[HW] [[en:hardware:homelab:digi]],
[ELC] [[en:electronics:voltage_divider]], 
[AVR] [[en:avr:adc]], 
[LIB] [[en:software:homelab:library:adc]], [LIB] [[en:software:homelab:library:module:lcd_graphic]], 
[LIB] [[en:software:homelab:library:module:sensor]]//

===== Theory =====

[{{  :examples:sensor:photoresistor:sensor_photoresistor_designator.png?150|Electrical symbol for a photoresistor}}]
[{{  :examples:sensor:photoresistor:sensor_photoresistor.jpg?150|A photoresistor}}]

A photoresistor is a sensor which electrical resistance is altered depending on the light intensity falling on it. The more intense is the light the more free carriers are formed and therefore the lower gets the resistance of the element. Two exterior metal contacts of the photoresistor are reaching through the ceramic base material to the light sensitive membrane, which determines the electrical resistance properties with its geometry and material properties. Since photo sensitive material itself has high resistance, with narrow, curvy track between the electrodes, low total resistance at average light intensity is gained. Similarly to the human eye, the photoresistor is sensitive at certain range of wavelengths and needs to be considered when selecting a photo element, otherwise it may not react to the light source used in the application. Following is simplified list of wavelengths of visible light segmented by colours:         

^ Colour            ^ Range of wavelength (nm)  ^
| Purple       | 400 – 450                  |
| Blue         | 450 – 500                  |
| Green        | 500 – 570                  |
| Yellow       | 570 – 590                  |
| Orange       | 590 – 610                  |
| Red          | 610 – 700                  |

A range of working temperature is set for photoresistor. Wishing the sensor to work at different temperatures, precising conversions must be executed, because the resisting properties of the sensors are depending on the temperature of the ambient. 

For characterizing light intensiveness physical concept called light intensity (E) is used, this shows the quantity of light reaching any given surface. Measuring unit is lux (lx), where 1 lux represents, the even flow of light 1 lumen, falling on a surface of 1 m<sup>2</sup>. Hardly ever in reality falls light (living area) on a surface evenly and therefore light intensity is reached generally as a average number. Below are few examples of light intensity for comparison:   


^ Environment	            ^ Intensity of light (lx) ^
| Full moon	            | 0,1          | 
| Dusk	                    | 1            | 
| Auditorium	            | 10           | 
| Class room	            | 30           | 
| Sunset or sunrise         | 400          | 
| Operating room (hospital) | 500 - 1000   | 
| Direct sun light	    | 10000        | 

===== Practice =====
The HomeLab is equipped with VT935G photoresistor. One pin of the photoresistor is connected to power supply and second pin to the analogue-digital converter (HomeLab II channel 1, HomeLab III channel 13). Between this pin and the ground resistor is also connected, which forms a voltage divider with the photoresistor. Since the electrical resistance of the photoresistor is decreasing as the light intensity falling on it grows, the measured voltage on the pin of the microcontroller grows as light intensity grows. It is worth to take into account that the photoresistor used in the HomeLab reacts most on orange and yellow light.
  
The sensor VT935G is not meant to be a specific measuring device. It is meant to be more a device to specify overall lighting conditions – is there a lighted lamp in the room or not. In this case one has to just measure the resistance of the sensor in the half dark room, note it in the program and compare measured values – is it lighter or darker.

The exercise here is a little bit more complex as the light intensity is measured also in lux. For doing this, exists an approximate formula and floating-point variables. In the C-language are floating-point variables //float-// and //double//-type variables, which can be used to present fractions. Their flaw  is high demand of resources. Computers have special hardware to calculate floating-point variables, in the 8-bit AVR microcontroller calculations are executed in software which demands a lot of memory and time. If the flaws are not critical, the floating-point variables are worth using.   


[{{  :examples:sensor:photoresistor:sensor_photoresistor_vt935g_slope.png?260|Relationship between resistance (R) of VT935G and intensity of light (E)}}]

There is an approximate formula showing the relationship between the intensity of light and electrical resistance in the sensor datasheet. As seen on the graph (on the right), with using logarithm scale, the resistance and intensity of light are almost in linear relationship and form a in-line formula, because following conversion applies:    

log(a/b) = log(a) - log(b)

The relation is characterised by the ascent of the factor γ (ascend of the line), which is 0,9 on VT935G sensor. We have also data on one of the points on that line:  resistance 18.5 kΩ (R<sub>A</sub>) at 10 lx intensity of light (E<sub>A</sub>). Hence we have the coordinates of one point as well as the ascent of the line and for calculating any other point, we only need one coordinate. Meaning, if sensors' resistance (R<sub>B</sub>) is measured, it is possible to calculate from the equation of line, the intensity of light E<sub>B</sub>) that falls on the sensor. Finding E<sub>B</sub> from the equation of line:

log(E<sub>B</sub>) = log(R<sub>A</sub>/R<sub>B</sub>) / γ + log(E<sub>A</sub>) \\ \\
E<sub>B</sub> = 10<sup>log(R<sub>A</sub>/R<sub>B</sub>) / γ + log(E<sub>A</sub>)</sup>

This gives the formula for calculating the intensity of light when the resistance is known. The resistance can not be measured directly with microcontroller. For this the photoresistor is in the voltage divider. The output voltage of this voltage divider is converted to a specific variable by the analogue-digital converter (ADC). To find the resistance, the output voltage (U<sub>2</sub>) of the voltage divider must be calculated first, using the ADC value, also comparison voltage (U<sub>ref</sub>) of the converter must be taken into account: 
The formula is following:

U<sub>2</sub> = U<sub>ref</sub> * (ADC / 1024)

From the formula for voltage divider(check the chapter on voltage divider) the resistance of the upper photoresistor (R<sub>1</sub>) can be found:

R<sub>1</sub> = (R<sub>2</sub> * U<sub>1</sub>) / U<sub>2</sub> - R<sub>2</sub>

In the following calculation of voltage and resistance, the known factors are replaced with numbers and indexes have been removed:

U = 5 * (ADC / 1024) \\ \\
R = (10 * 5) / U - 10 \\ \\

For finding the intensity of light, simplifying conversions can be done:

E = 10<sup>log(18.5/R) / 0.9 + 1</sup> = 10<sup>log(18.5/R) * 10/9</sup> * 10<sup>1</sup> = \\ \\
= 10<sup>log18.5*10/9 - logR*10/9</sup> * 10 = (10<sup>log18.5*10/9</sup> / 10<sup>logR*10/9</sup>) * 10 = \\ \\
= (18.5<sup>10/9</sup> / R<sup>10/9</sup>) * 10 = 18.5<sup>10/9</sup> * 10 * R<sup>-10/9</sup>


By calculating the constant in front of the variable of the field R, the expression remains follows:

E = 255,84 * R<sup>-10/9</sup>

These formulas help only if the photoresistor on the module of the HomeLab is used. If circuit is used equipped with different components, respective variables need to be changed. Next, source code of the example program is presented, which measures and calculates using ADC and displays the intensity of light on the LCD. 

In the example program variables of voltage, resistance and intensity are defined using type //double// of floating-point variables. The variables which should be used as floating-point variables must always contain a decimal point (it can be also just 0, because then the compiler understands it correctly). 

<code c>
// HomeLab photoresistor demonstration
// LCD screen displays the approximate illuminance in lux
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <homelab/module/lcd_gfx.h>
#include <homelab/adc.h>
#include <homelab/delay.h>

// Main program
int main(void)
{
	char text[16];
	unsigned short adc_value;
	double voltage, resistance, illuminance;

	// Initializing the LCD
	lcd_gfx_init();

        // Setting LCD backlight to work
        lcd_gfx_backlight(true);

	// Clearing the LCD.
	lcd_gfx_clear();

	//Cursor on the position
	lcd_gfx_goto_char_xy(3, 2);

	// Name of the program
	lcd_gfx_write_string("Luxmeter");

	// Setting the ADC
	adc_init(ADC_REF_AVCC, ADC_PRESCALE_8);

	// Endless loop.
	while (1)
	{
		// Reading the average value of the photoresistor
		adc_value = adc_get_average_value(13, 10);
		// HomeLab II
		//adc_value = adc_get_average_value(1, 10);

		// Calculating the voltage in the input of the ADC
		// HomeLab II 		
		//voltage = 5.0 * ((double)adc_value / 1024.0);
		// HomeLab III
		voltage = 2.0625 * ((double)adc_value / 2048.0);

		// Calculating the resistance of the photoresistor 
                // in the voltage divider
		// HomeLab II
		//resistance = (10.0 * 5.0) / voltage - 10.0;
		// HomeLab III
		resistance = (33.0) / voltage - 10.0;
		
		// Calculating the intensity of light in lux		
		illuminance = 255.84 * pow(resistance, -10/9);
		// Dividing variable into two integer variable
		// to display it on the screen
		int8_t illu = illuminance;
    		int16_t illudp = trunc((illuminance - illu) * 1000);

		// Converting the intensity of light to text		
		sprintf(text, "%3u.%3u lux   ", illu,illudp); 

		// Displaying it on the LCD
		lcd_gfx_goto_char_xy(3, 3);
		lcd_gfx_write_string(text);

		// Delay 500 ms
		sw_delay_ms(500);
	}
}
</code>